Güzel Sanatlar Tasarım ve Mimarlık Fakültesi / Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture

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Türkiye'de Kompozisyon Eğitiminin Problemleri
(X. Ulusal Müzik Eðitimi Sempozyumu Bildiri Kitabı. 1, 1, 543-559, 2012) Yakın, Murat
X. ULUSAL MÜZİK EĞİTİMİ SEMPOZYUMU 25-27 Nisan 2012 - NİĞDE TÜRKİYE'DE KOMPOZİSYON EĞİTİMİNİN PROBLEMLERİ Yrd. Doç. Dr. Murat Yakın Başkent Üniversitesi, Devlet Konservatuvarı, Ankara myakin@baskent.edu.tr PROBLEM DURUMU Dünyada kompozisyon alanında 1950'den sonra temel olarak 4 farklı estetik kategoride gelişmeler görülürken, ülkemizdeki uygulamalar 2000'li yılların başlarına kadar bu estetik kategorilerden çoğunlukla bir tanesine dahil edilebilecek nitelikte ürün verilmesine neden olmuştur. Bu durumun kültürel, algısal ve teknolojik olanaklarla ilgili yönlerinin ele alınarak ülkemizde kompozisyon eğitiminin yeniden yapılandırılması gerekmektedir. AMAÇ Bu çalışmanın amacı 1950'den sonra dünyada ortaya çıkan kompozisyonel yaklaşımların Türkiye'de ne oranda takip edildiği ve bunun kompozisyon eğitimini ne derece etkilediğine dair objektif veriler sunmak, günümüzdeki potansiyel problemlere dikkat çekerek çözüm önerileri sunmaktır. TARTIŞMA 1950 yılından sonra dünyada ortaya çıkan belli başlı kompozisyonel estetikleri 4 başlık altında toplamak mümkündür: - Geleneksel yaklaşım, - Genişletilmiş enstrumantal yaklaşımlar, - Tekstürel yaklaşımlar, - Tekrara dayalı yaklaşımlar. Geleneksel yaklaşım, batı müziğinin geleneklerinde var olan melodi ve eşlik ya da kontrpuantik anlayışlar ile yazılmış kompozisyonlarda görülen yaklaşımlardır. Kullanılan materyal ister tonalite olsun, ister 12-ton dizisi olsun, ister makam olsun, melodi ve armonilemeye dayalı bir düşünce yapısı varsa, ilgili kompozisyon estetik olarak bu kategoride düşünülür. Genişletilmiş enstrumantal yaklaşımlar kategorisine enstrumana vurma, köprünün ötesinde çalma, vb. ileri çalma tekniklerinin kullanıldığı kompozisyonlar dahil edilmektedir. Tekstürel yaklaşımlar, Ligeti'nin kompozisyonlarında görülen, tekstürel kurgularla hedefe yönelik tekstürel dönüşümleri kompozisyonun odağına yerleştiren yaklaşımlardır. Tekrara dayalı yaklaşımlarda ise minimalizm ve post-minimalizmi konu almaktayız. Dünyada son 60 yıldır görülen kompozisyonel yaklaşımları bu şekilde kategorize ettiğimizde ülkemizde genel olarak benimsenen kompozisyon anlayışının melodi ve eşlik ya da kontrpuantik açılımlara dayalı bir estetik sunduğunu, kompozisyonla ilgili tartışmaların ve eğitimsel tutumların, sadece bu estetiğin alt kategorileri ile ilgili olan materyal tartışmaları çerçevesinde şekillendiğini görmek mümkündür. Diğer estetik anlayışlarda üretim yapan bestecilerimizin büyük bir bölümünde yurt dışında yaşama ya da eğitim görme geçmişi bulunmaktadır; oysa yurt dışı geçmişi bulunmayan bestecilerin büyük bölümünün birinci estetik kategori çerçevesinde beste ürettiğini, bu üretimin materyalinin tonalite, modalite, atonalite, serializm ya da makamsal kullanımlar olabildiğini görmekteyiz. 2000'li yıllarda internetin yaygınlaşmasıyla bazı müzik okullarımız eğitim programlarında XX. yüzyıl müziklerini konu alan derslere daha fazla yer vermeye başlamışlar, kompozisyon derslerinde takınılacak durumu yeniden gözden geçirmişler ve bunun sonucu olarak yurt içindeki öğrencilerin ürettiği kompozisyon anlayışları değişik kategorilerde çeşitlenerek ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır. SONUÇ Bilgiye erişimin artması olgusu ile öğrencilerin farklı estetikleri deneme eğilimleri arasında bir doğru orantı söz konusudur. Öyleyse 2000'li yılların başına kadarki dönemde ülkemizdeki kompozisyonel estetiğin tek boyutta kalmasının nedeni bilgiye erişimin zorluğudur. Bu durum, XXI. yüzyılın kompozisyon eğitiminin bilgiye erişime, farklı estetikleri anlayıp uygulamaya dayalı bir karakterde olmasını gerektirmektedir. ÖNERİLER Tartışılan konular çerçevesinde kompozisyon dersleri ile ilgili bir program önerisi sunulacaktır. REFERANSLAR MORGAN, ROBERT P. (April 1, 1982). Music of the Twentieth Century. Musical Quarterly, 1982, LXVIII, 2, 262-270. 10.1093/mq/LXVIII.2.262. http://mq.oxfordjournals.org Whittall, Arnold. (November 1, 2011). Understanding Music: The Nature and Limits of Musical Cognition. By Hans Heinrich Eggebrecht. Trans. by Richard Evans. Music and Letters, 2011, 92, 4, 677-679. 10.1093/ml/gcr053. http://ml.oxfordjournals.org
A Figure-Engraved Glass Bowl from the Early Byzantine Period
(2014) Gencler-Guray, Cigdem; Peker, Nilufer; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4175-1305; AAH-9282-2020; AAO-6470-2020
"Yarman-36 Makam Tone-System" for Turkish Art Music
(2014) Yarman, Ozan; Karaosmanoglu, M. Kemal; Karaosmanoglu, M. Kemal; 0000-0003-4534-7182; 0000-0001-9002-3326; F-8747-2014; A-3421-2016
This study offers a mathematically rigorous, yet straightforward, fixed-pitch tuning strategy to the problem of adequate sounding and notating of essential Turkish makam genera, in contradistinction to the praxis-mismatched music theory cast in effect known as Arel-Ezgi-Uzdilek (AEU). It comprises 36 tones locatable just by ear, via counting exact 0, 1 and 2 beats per second when listening to given octave, fifth and third intervals, starting from an algebraically attained reference frequency for A at 438.41 Hertz, very near the international standard A=440 Hz. The so-named Yarman-36 makam tone-system proposed in this paper accounts for hitherto omitted pitches in Ussak, Saba, Huzzam, etc... at popular transpositions, each corresponding to a habitually used Ahenk ( concert pitch level specified by a chosen Ney reed), by virtue of being based on a twelve-by-twelve triplex structure of exclusively tailored Modified Meantone Baroque Temperaments. It thus also features pleasant shades of key-colors supporting polyphonic endeavours in line with Western common-practice music.
Novel Theory Leads To The Classical Outcome For The Precession of The Perihelion of A Planet Due To Gravity
(2014) Yarman, Tolga; Kholmetskii, Alexander; Arik, Metin; Yarman, Ozan; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9002-3326; A-3421-2016
We offer a novel method which lets us derive the same classical result for the precession of the perihelion of a planet due to the gravitational effects of the host star. The theoretical approach suggested earlier by the first author is erected upon just the energy conservation law, which consequently yields the weak equivalence principle. The precession outcome is exactly the same as that formulated by the general theory of relativity (GTR) for Mercurial orbit eccentricities, but the methodology used is totally different. In our approach, there is no need to make any categorical distinction between luminal and subluminal matter, since, as we have previously demonstrated, our theory of gravity is fully compatible with the foundations of quantum mechanics. Our approach can immediately be generalized to the many-body problem, which is otherwise practically impossible within the framework of GTR. Our approach thus leads to a unified description of the microworld and macroworld physics. (C) 2014 Physics Essays Publication.
Policy Misuse Detection in Communication Networks with Hidden Markov Models
(2014) Tosun, Umut
With the recent advances in computer networking applications, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are widely used to detect the malicious connections in computer networks. IDS provide a high level security between organizations while preventing misuses and intrusions in data communication through internet or any other network. Adherence to network usage policies is crucial since a system or network administrator needs to be informed whether the information is compromised, if the resources are appropriately used or if an attacker exploits a comprised service. Server flow authentication via protocol detection analyzes penetrations to a communication network. Generally, port numbers in the packet headers are used to detect the protocols. However, it is easy to re-map port numbers via proxies and changing the port number via compromised host services. Using port numbers may be misleading for a system administrator to understand the natural flow of communications through network. It is also difficult to understand the user behavior when the traffic is encrypted since there is only packet level information to be considered. In this paper, we present a novel approach via Hidden Markov Models to detect user behavior in network traffic. We perform the detection process on timing measures of packets. The results are promising and we obtained classification accuracies between %70 and %100. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Distributed Database Design: A Case Study
(2014) Tosun, Umut
Data Allocation is an important problem in Distributed Database Design. Generally, evolutionary algorithms are used to determine the assignments of fragments to sites. Data Allocation Algorithms should handle replication, query frequencies, quality of service (QoS), cite capacities, table update costs, selection and projection costs. Most of the algorithms in the literature attack one or few components of the problem. In this paper, we present a case study considering all of these features. The proposed model uses Integer Linear Programming for the formulation of the problem. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
A New Recombination Operator for the Genetic Algorithm Solution of the Quadratic Assignment Problem
(2014) Tosun, Umut
The Quadratic Assignment Problem (QAP) is a well known combinatorial optimization problem with a diverse set of applications. It can be transformed into many problems such as the travelling salesman, weapon target assignment, and query optimization in distributed databases. Exhaustive search methods are inadequate to solve large data sets. Genetic algorithms and tabu search meta-heuristics may provide near optimal solutions for large QAP instances taking a reasonable time to complete. In this paper, we present a new recombination operator based on Order-1 crossover algorithm. The suggested approach runs quick sort partitioning algorithm to generate different chromosomes from partitions. The minimum cost partition produces offsprings with the other chromosome. The proposed approach shows outstanding performance especially for instance sizes smaller than 50 with respect to the optimal results proposed in QAPLIB. (C) 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V.
THE MAKING OF THE COMMERCIAL CENTER IN TIRE (14TH-16TH CENTURIES) (1)
(2015) Yuksel, Cagla Caner
Today Tire is one of the administrative districts under the city of Izmir Located southeast of Izmir, it is situated on the southern edge of the Kucuk Menderes Plain and the northern fringe of the Gume Mountains (Figure 1). It is surrounded by the neighboring administrative districts of Bayindir to the north about 18 km away, Odemis to the northeast and east about 35 km away, and Selcuk to the west about 40 km away (Figure 2). The town is renowned for its lively traditional markets, particularly open air bazaars held once a week. Rich both in food products and in traditional handcrafts, these markets are still significant nodes of attraction in the region (2). This article reveals how the markets of Tire came on the scene back in the 14th 16th centuries. It sheds light on the making of the town's commercial center in the given periods that Correspond to two distinctive, yet consecutive eras of first the Aydmid Principality and next the Ottoman rule.
A NEW DIMENSION IN DESIGN: SERVICE DESIGN
(2015) Ilisulu, T. Inanc
The purpose of this research are the description of service design, its appearance and being able to understand this concept in terms of design by examining the coming developments. The pattern of research is "the case study" and the type of research is "illustrative case study" in this work which the qualitative research method was used. " The document review", that was one of qualitative data collection tools, was used for the purpose of this research. In this study, all the important aspects of service design such as its principles, methodology and tools were explained by examining in depth in the result of document review and analysis. At the end of the study, it is understood that the most important components of service design are consumer experiences and innovation solutions. At the same time, it is seen that the most important components adopt multidisciplinary approach and consumer centred.
The Clinicopathological and Prognostic Significance of CD24, CD44, CD133, ALDH1 Expressions in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of The Breast CD44/CD24 Expression in Breast Cancer
(2015) Kapucuoglu, Nilgun; Bozkurt, Kemal Kursat; Baspinar, Sirin; Kocer, Murat; Eroglu, Hasan Erol; Akdeniz, Rasit; Akcil, Mehtap; 26298632
Background: Recently, there are several studies about cancer stem cells (CSC), indicating that they are the cells that initiate the tumor, provide progression, metastasis and responsible for the aggressive tumor behavior. Materials and methods: The purpose of this study is to investigate the expressions of CD24, CD44, their different combinations, ALDH1 and CD133 in invasive ductal carcinoma. Their relationships with clinicopathologic parameters, such as tumor grade, lymphovascular invasion, tumor size, axillary lymph node involvement, stage, hormone receptors, HER2 expression, basal like tumors, triple negative status and prognosis were also investigated. Tissue microarray method was used to investigate immunohistochemical CD24, CD44, ALDH1 and CD133 expressions in 105 invasive ductal carcinoma cases. Results: CD 133 expression was significantly associated with tumor size (p = 0.023) and stage (p = 0.009). CD133 expression was decreased in tumors with larger tumor size, higher stage and lymphovascular invasion. CD133 expression was positively correlated with CD44 (r = 0.212, p = 0.032) and CD44(+)/CD24(+) (r = 0.202, p = 0.040) expressions. CD44, CD24 and ALDH1 expressions showed no significant relationship and correlation with clinicopathologic features. There was a significant relationship (p = 0.048) between CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) phenotype and basal like tumors. EGFR expression was positively correlated with CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) phenotype (r = 0.211, p = 0.036). Conclusions: Basal like tumors are enriched for CSCs with CD44(+)/CD24(-/low) phenotype. CD133 can detect a different population of CSC in breast carcinoma. (C) 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Zamana direnmek: Kişisel hafıza mekânları
(Başkent Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Tasarım ve Mimarlık Fakültesi, 2016) Kırcı, Arzu Beril; Tekkök, Billur
Tüm canlıların yaşamları boyunca öğrenmek ve yüzleşmek zorunda kaldığı en ürkütücü gerçeklik yok olmaktır. İnsanoğlu tarih boyunca önce varlığının anlamını sorgulamış, sonlu bir varlık olduğunu kavradıktan sonra bazen bilinçli bazen de içgüdüsel varlığını sonsuzlaştırmak ve belki de yok olmaya karşı bir tepki olarak var olduğu mekâna ve zamana kendinden izler bırakmıştır. Müzeler, arşivler, anıtlar, meydanlar, özel günler, anma toplantıları, örf ve adetler, fotoğraf albümleri gibi nesne, yapı ve eylemler temsil ettikleri değerlerle zamana, unutmaya ve yok olmaya karşı verilen mücadele ve bırakılan izler sonucunda ortaya çıkan hafıza mekânlarıdır. Zamana Direnmek: Kişisel Hafıza Mekânları adlı bu çalışma, hafızalarda saklanan kişisel deneyimlerin, her türlü anının, kültürün, tarihin ve hatta edebiyatın yaşayan hafıza mekânlarına dönüştürülebileceğini, kişisel hafızanın aktarımını ve bu aktarımın gelecek kuşaklarca nasıl algılandığını tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Günümüzde hızla yaşanan küreselleşme ile gelişen tüketim kültürü ve yeni dünya politikaları artık insanın kendisinin bir hafıza müzesi haline gelmesini zorunlu kılmıştır. Çalışmada, Ankaralı bir ailenin kızı olan Naime Bademli’nin deneyimleri üzerinden yola çıkılarak hafıza müzelerinin somutlaştırılması ve aktarılan hafızanın sonraki nesillerin hafızalarına yansıma süreci nitel araştırma modelinde keşfedici araştırma yöntemine göre yapılandırılmıştır. Çalışma; mülakat, uzman görüşü ile hazırlanan açık uçlu sorular, belgeleme ve literatür taraması teknikleri kullanılarak hazırlanmıştır. The most scary truth that every living creature has to face can be considered as evanescence. Human beings vary from the other living creatures by consciousness of this unplesant truth. Through the ages humans tried to leave an indeliable mark to time and place that they were exist as a guard against evanescence.Events, places, buildings and objects such as; museums, archives, monuments, squares, special days, memorials, traditions , photo albums can be accepted as the memory spaces with the values and meanings that they convey to society. Globalisation and new world politics led to a consumption culture among societies and obliged the transformation of humans to memory museums. The Study named as, Standing the Taste of Time: Autobiographical Memory Spaces intends to discuss all kinds of memory such as cultural, historical and even literal can be transformed to living memory spaces. It also intends to materialise and define the process of transmission of an autobiographical memory to see its effects and reflections among other memories by taking an Ankara family in to account. The documentation,interview and open ended interview, literature review techniques of qualitative research methods are used during the process.
THOUGHTS ON THE NEW DADAIST TACTIC OF OUR ERA: 'SWEDED FILMS' AND MICHEL GONDRY'S BE KIND REWIND
(2016) Aytemiz, Pala
Be Kind Rewind (2008), comedy-drama film written and directed by Michel Gondry, can be considered as an alternative film as it has initiated a novel and subversive cultural practice called "sweding". Sweding, initially a term used by the characters of the film that describes their amateur way of remaking the famous cult films, started to be a marginal phenomena and adopted by crowds as a tactic of subverting dominant ideologies of mass culture. The meaning of sweding cut across its original meaning as a way of producing homemade films and started to be described as any kind of practice of re-creating something from scratch using commonly available, mundane everyday objects and skills. This idea of remaking has a critical and subversive potential. In this sense, this paper aims to engage in a critical analysis of Be Kind Rewind's ability to shift meanings of filmmaking using the criticism of Collin McCabe's "Classical Realist Text'" and trace the subversive and alternative elements of this cultural phenomenon of sweding. It will be argued that the style and amateur film production associated with sweded films recall the techniques of the 20th-century art movement Dadaism that questions art and comments on daily life practices. Departing from this observation, the paper will open up the new "genre" of "Sweded Cinema" to further questioning and suggest that there is a potential in Sweded Cinema in challenging Classical Hollywood Cinema just like the way Dadaism countered high art and dominant ideologies of its time.
Manuscript the Evaluation of Acoustical Performance of the Ahi Serafettin (Aslanhane) Hermitage and Mosque
(2016) Demirel, Fusun; Ilisulu, Sebahat Gul; Ozcetin, Zuhal; Pektas, Sumeyra; Seven, Yusuf; Uysal, Esra; GMW-9789-2022
The evaluation of the architectural acoustics of the mosques, as one of the religious venues, has been carried out in terms of analyzing the comprehension of the sermon and the preaching, of mawlid and hymn, which have musical characteristics and of the imam's recitation during the performance of the salaat with the religious community. After the settlement of the Turks in Anatolia, especially in the early 13th century, new monuments have been built. In this paper, The Ahi Serafettin Hermitage and Mosque, that embodies the authentic design and the details of the era with it's wooden posts and flat slab ceiling on the interior, has been discussed. Primarily, the reverberation time (T-30) has been analyzed according to the standard of TS EN ISO 3382-1 and the background noise level (LeciA) have been measured. Following that, the parameters of the reverberation time (T-30), the early decay time (EDT), the clarity (C80), the speech transmission index (STI), the definition (D50) and the speech pressure level (SPLA) are defined by using the ODEON (v 10.02) simulation program. As a result of these, an assessment has been made in comparison to the acquired measurements and the simulation data.
Physical Characterization, Microstructural Evaluation, and Condition Assessment of Ancient Ahlat Tombstones in the Seljukian Cemetery of Ahlat (Turkey)
(2016) Baykara, Tarik; Isik, Mehmet Cengiz
A typical Seljukian town of Ahlat, located between the north-western shores of the Lake Van and the Nemrud and Suphan volcanoes of the Eastern Turkey is hosting rich and colorful cultural heritage sites. Among these, famous Seljukian Cemetery is a major archeological district with monumental tombstones (stelae). Excessive deterioration, erosion and lichen colonization can be observed in these cultural artifacts. The main objective of this study is the investigation of stones' physical characterization and evaluation of the microstructural features. A degradation model was outlined starting with the capillary water uptake from the bottom section and lichen colonization starting from the top and covering these tombstones upto their mid sections. This article provides some information about the historical town of Ahlat and its tombstones. Some physical and microstructural characterization of the gravestones and the results of chemical and physical analysis are also presented along with some recommendations.
Cinematic Terror: A Global History of Terrorism on Film
(2017) Raw, Laurence
Classical Style as the Manifestation of Being Exclusive to the Elite Taste in the Ottoman Music
(2017) Ozturk, Okan Murat
When cultivation and enculturation according to the palace etiquette is taken as a criterion, it is possible to subject the Ottoman society to a two-layered social stratification in the form of those who have this decency (elites) and those who do not (commons). Whereas both musics specific for the elite and public tastes, they present a common structure in terms of four basic elements [tone/fret, tune/melodic motive, makam (melodic mode) and usul (rhythmic mode)] that shape music. Within this common structure, it can be seen that the distinctions between the music of the two strata are based on the style. At this point, the question of how the music produced and performed especially for the elite taste differs in terms of style gains importance. Various people, groups and circles belonging to the elite stratum, particularly the sultan and the dynasty, have become the main patrons of all the arts and sciences in the Ottoman world. In this article, it is emphasized that the musical works composed for the elite taste become special and privileged through the stylistic difference. This fact is considered here as a fundamental factor with the aim of analyzing the processes of canonization and classicization in terms of the development of a peculiar musical repertoire and style. One of the basic expectations of the Ottoman elite's patronage of the art of music has been to provide for the development of a subtle classical style that reflects their own musical taste. This situation clearly reveals its connection with sociological issues such as status, elite identity and taste culture.
Analysing the Relationship between Critical Thinking Skills and Problem Behaviours of Children at Social Risk through Visual Arts Education
(2017) Buyurgan, Serap; Demirel, Irfan Nihan
In this study, it is aimed to analyze the relationship between critical thinking skills and problem behaviours of children at social risk through visual arts education. In this context, Mixed method including both quantitative and qualitative dimension was used. Convergent parallel design was used to structure the study. In dimension quantitative of research, one group pre-test-post-test model as one of the pre-experimental models was used by applying the retention test. In the scope of the qualitative dimension, holistic single case design was used as a design of case study. The study was carried out on a group of 54 people (27 females, 27 males) who are identified to be at risk. Quantitative data were collected using the Art Criticism Target Behaviour Scale (ACTBS) that consisted of twenty questions and developed by the researchers. Qualitative data were collected by in-class activities, self-assessment form and performance task developed in two phases including both children's drawing and critical dimension. According to the results; as critical thinking skills develop, the students follow a more sensitive and inquisitive development of behaviours, their prejudices decrease, they gain a positive point of view to establish cause-effect relationship, they develop the ability to control negative behaviours, so their consciousness and awareness increase regarding family, environmental and social fact. As a result, it is recommended that visual arts education should be used effectively in relation to other disciplines in the teaching-learning process.
Site Reading: Fiction, Art, Social Form
(2017) Raw, Laurence
"Accessibility" in Housing Design for People Who Are Blind
(2017) Bilge, Betul
The existing and applied regulations and standards in Turkey cannot provide the adequate participation with the general user identity. Within the existing system, the responsibility of the designer for accessible interior spaces is quite high. "Average People" data taken as a basis after mobility conditions and degrees which are determined, cannot meet the definition and the needs of the user identity in an adequate level. It is necessary to create solutions and sustain these solutions for people; the elderly, children and the disabled with distinctive physical attributes who exists in the society but cannot maintain their lives in a desired level because of the obstacles within the environment. It is obvious that, for the continuity, without needing for adaptation or customisation in the design, the solution needs to be developed, by accepting the need, as the first step in the design process. It is important that this point of view should be accepted and developed, not only in inner spaces of the houses but also in all structural environments constituting the living spaces. The designer is a fundamental key stone that takes a part in all studies which can be developed and improved intended for removing obstacles. The designer; from the beginning of the design process, should fictionalise the holistic design approach without ignoring the user needs with diversified qualifications of anthropometric data. In order to create solutions for the needs of all users of the society; it will be fundamental to conduct environmental analyses in terms of accessibility with regard to composing global design dynamics. Houses are spaces that life goes on in. They get form for the user needs. The house design should not limit mobility, accessibility that is universal. That the designer meets minimum requirements those are aimed for him/her to reach for a "universal house", which is not only sentimentality but also a social responsibility. With the meeting of the requirements needed, personal preferences and needs which are desired inside the house would built as a result of different concerns such as aesthetics. The "Universal House" concept is a setup of a design system answering the basic needs that will not require any adaptation or customisation afterwards for the user with diversified capabilities, which is based on existence of accessible spaces. The constructor of this setup is the "designer". This study is a research on the spatial values required for fully visually impaired individuals to get mobile independently and maintain their lives without the need for others. The needs and/or hindering factors set forth were evaluated to the extent of interior space and equipment members. They were evaluated in terms of features and design principles/factors.
Public Space Meanings of Squares: Ulus and Kizilay Squares in Ankara, Turkey
(2017) Bayraktar, Nuray
Squares, which are expected to embody public characteristics that bring together different social groups and enable their interaction, are intensely discussed in this context today. The disappearing public space characteristics of squares and their transformation into undefined lots are emphasized in these discussions. Moreover, squares are redefined as the places where the distinctions of the cities are reproduced. In Ankara, the capital of Turkey, squares illustrate a significant example for these discussions. The most important squares are Ulus and Kizilay. After the foundation of the Republic, the squares are the locations for social activity for user groups that are distinguished from each other with the status of being from Ankara. Later on, the usage of square had changed and user groups of the squares became different depending on the income distribution. This study assesses the public space meanings of these squares. In this assessment, the period following the proclamation of the republic is defined within two different periods, and the public space characteristics of the two squares are questioned from the viewpoint of the users and usage of the squares. Today, public space meanings of Ulus and Kizilay squares are discussed with reference to the findings of a survey.