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Item Angiogenesis Inhibition Impairs Testicular Morphology in Experimental Left Varicocele Rat Model(2014) Gokhan-Kose, M.; Erdem, S. R.; Peskircioglu, C. L.; Caylak, B.; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2491-0178; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7537-2170; 24702910; AHI-3170-2022; AAJ-2370-2021Introduction: It has been reported that varicocele might promote angiogenesis. However, it is not clearly identified how angiogenesis affect testicular morphology or spermatogenic activity. The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of spironolactone, as an angiogenesis inhibitor, on the ipsilateral testis morphology in left varicocele-induced rats. Materials and methods: Twenty four adult (12-14 mo), male Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n=6, for each): 1. Control group, 2. Sham-operated group, 3. Experimental left varicocele group and, 4. Spironolactone (20 mg/kg/day)-treated experimental left varicocele group. Histopathological findings in rat testis were investigated. Results: Microvessel density increased in varicocele group and spironolactone inhibited angiogenesis neither by antimineralocorticoid, nor by antiandrogenic effect. However, spermatogenesis impaired in spironolactone treated varicocele group. Conclusion: Angiogenesis seems to be a protective process in varicocele. Spironolactone treatment, probably by inhibiting angiogenesis, impairs testicular morphology. (C) 2013 AEU. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L. All rights reserved.Item Cardioprotective Effect of Postconditioning Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Is Lost in Heart Of 8-Week Diabetic Rat(2016) Altunkaynak-Camca, Hande Ozge; Ozcelikay, Arif T.; 26492068; CAG-1071-2022Although ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and ischemic postconditioning (IPost) result in protection against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in healthy hearts, pathological conditions such as diabetes can modify the protective effects of IPC and IPost. There are a few studies concerning the effect of IPost only in diabetic hearts which have similar or decreased tolerance to I/R injury. In the present study we investigated the effects of IPost in diabetic hearts which had increased tolerance to I/R injury. Isolated hearts from control and diabetic rats were subjected to global ischemia (40 min) followed by reperfusion (40 min). IPost was induced by six cycles (10 s) of reperfusion and ischemia after the global ischemia. After I/R, cardiac recovery in diabetic hearts was better than that in control hearts. IPost did not produce any further protection in the diabetic hearts whereas it resulted in a significant recovery in the control hearts. Similarly, the decreased troponin I (TnI) levels of diabetic hearts did not change after IPost. However, IPost significantly lowered the increase in TnI levels of control hearts. In conclusion, these results show that IPost can not produce a further protection in the hearts of 8 -week diabetic rats which have increased tolerance to I/R injury.Item The Effect of Intraperitoneal N-Acetylcysteine on Postoperative Adhesions in Rat Models(2017) Asian, Gizem Inal; Otgun, Ibrahim; Acer, Tugba; Tepeoglu, Merih; Hicsonmez, Akgun; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9894-8005; 28874629; AAK-5222-2021ATM: In this study, we researched the effect of local administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on postoperative intra-abdominal adhesion formation in the rat models. METHODS: 20 female Wistar Albino rats which were 5-7 months old are used for the study. The rats were divided into two equal groups. Group one was administered saline solution (n=10) while group two was administered NAC (n=10) after caecal abrasion. They were dissected on postoperative tenth day and were examined macroscopically and microscopically for the adhesion formation. Intraperitoneal adhesion formation was scored blinded with Evans model. The most adherent bowel section was excised for histopathologic examination. Mann Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: In Group one, all rats have had adhesions. None of the rats in Group two had either severe inflammatory cell reaction or dense interstitial fibrosis. Macroscopic adhesion formation and microscopic inflammatory cell reaction and interstitial fibrosis formation after surgery were less at the group two (NAC applied) (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: We believe that the intraperitoneal single dose usage of NAC may be promising for decreasing the postoperative intraabdominal adhesions.Item The Effect of High Dose Vitamin D on the Sympathetic Skin Response in Rats(2022) Masud, Haifa; Dolu, NazanItem The Effects of High Dose Vitamin D and Zinc on Anxiety and Exploratory Activity in Rats(2022) Baroud, Amna Abdulsalam; Dolu, NazanItem A comparison of rat degloving injury models(2017) Arpaci, Enver; Altun, Serdar; Orbay, Hakan; Ekinci, Mehmet; Cetinbas, Ahmet; Bal, Ali; Okur, Mehmet Ihsan; 28454780Objective: Two different rat models for degloving injury were described in the literature. Our aim in this study is to compare these rat models to determine which one is more reliable and reproducible. Methods: We surgically induced degloving injury on tails and left hindlimbs of Wistar albino rats (n = 8), and sutured the avulsed tissues back in their original positions after a waiting period. We observed the changes in the avulsed flaps every other day for 10 days. At the end of follow-up period we evaluated the lesions in avulsed flaps by macroscopic measurement of necrosis and histological ulcer scoring using the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) Scale. Results: The average length of necrosis in avulsed tail flaps was 28.42 +/- 3.04 mm, whereas there was no necrosis in avulsed hindlimb flaps (p < 0.05). The average ulcer score of the lesions in tail and left hindlimb were 3.42 +/- 0.78, and 1.28 +/- 0.48, respectively (p < 0.05). Despite the lack of visible necrosis TUNEL staining revealed an increased amount of apoptotic cells in avulsed hindlimb flaps. Literature review revealed a significant variability in previous studies in terms of the amount of necrosis observed in tail degloving injury model. Conclusion: Tail degloving injury model proved to be a more reliable animal model for degloving injuries. However, standardization of the magnitude of degloving force is required to decrease the variability of necrosis observed in the literature. (C) 2017 Turkish Association of Orthopaedics and Traumatology. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V.Item Comparison of the inhibitory effect of different doses of subconjunctival bevacizumab application in an experimental model of corneal neovascularization(2018) Ulas, Burak; Altan-Yaycioglu, Rana; Bal, Nebil; 30046522; AAG-3306-2019; AAL-4440-2020AIM: To evaluate the inhibitory effect of subconjunctival bevacizumab as single- and multiple-dose application, and compare their effects on corneal neovascularization in a rat model. METHODS: Thirty adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this experimental study. The central cornea of the rats was cauterized chemically. The rats were randomly enrolled into three groups. All groups received subconjunctival injections. In Group 1 (control group, n=10), 0.05 mL 0.9% NaCl solution was injected on the first day. In Group 2 (single-dose group, n=10), 0.05 mL bevacizumab (1.25 mg) was injected on the first day. In Group 3 (multiple-dose group, n=10), four doses of 0.05 mL bevacizumab (1.25 mg) were injected on the first, third, fifth and seventh day. Slit-lamp examination of all rats was performed at the third and ninth day. Digital images of the corneas were taken and analyzed using image analysis software to calculate corneal neovascularization area. All rats were sacrificed on the tenth day. In corneal sections, the number of blood vessels, state of inflammation and collagen formation was evaluated histopathologically. RESULTS: In Group 3, corneal edema grades were significantly lower than Group 1 and Group 2 (P=0.02, and P=0.035, respectively). The mean percentage of neovascularized corneal area in Group 3 was significantly lower than Group 2 (P=0.005). On histopathological examination, Group 2 and Group 3 showed significantly less number of blood vessels than Group 1 (P=0.005, and P=0.001, respectively). Additionally, Group 3 showed significantly less number of blood vessels compared to Group 2 (P=0.019). Inflammation and edema grades were significantly lower in Group 3 compared to Group 1 (P=0.001). CONCLUSION: Subconjunctival bevacizumab injection is effective in inhibition of newly formed corneal neovascularization. The multiple-dose bevacizumab treatment seems to be more effective compared to single-dose treatment.Item Deneysel spermatik kord hasarının rat modelinde kord ve testis üzerine etkileri(Başkent Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, 2017) Arslan, Esra Elif; Güney, L. HakanSpermatik kord inguino-skrotal bölge ameliyatlarında dikkat edilmesi gereken en önemli inguinal yapıdır. Cerrahi olarak spermatik kord ve elemanlarına uygulanan hasarların testiküler hasara ve sonuç olarak infertiliteye neden olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalıĢmada, ratlarda vas deferenste oluĢturulan hasar tiplerinin; vas deferens, testis ve epididim üzerinde oluĢturduğu etkilerin irdelenmesi amaçlanmıĢtır. ÇalıĢmada kullanılan 34 adet prepubertal erkek Sprague Dawley rat; digital kompresyon, traksiyon, kesi ve kontrol grupları olmak üzere 4 gruba ayrıldı. Digital kompresyon grubunda sağ vas deferens serbestleĢtirilerek ılık ıslak spanç ile iki parmak arasında 4 dakika basınç uygulandı. Traksiyon grubunda sağ vas deferens serbestleĢtirildikten sonra askıya alınarak 10 gr ağırlık ile 4 dakika traksiyon uygulandı. Kontrol grubunda cerrahi model uygulanmadı, sadece vas deferens ve testis varlığı görüldü. Kesi grubunda ise sağ vas deferens serbestleĢtirildikten sonra testiküler arter ve vene zarar verilmeden ortasından tam kesi yapıldı. Vas deferens iki yönden tam kat iki dikiĢ ile onarıldı. Yirmi sekiz gün sonra tüm hayvanlar sakrifiye edildi. Sağ testis, epididim ve vas deferens hücre değiĢiklikleri makroskopik ve mikroskopik olarak değerlendirildi. Vas deferenste sperm varlığı değerlendirmesinde en az sayıda rat traksiyon grubunda mevcuttu (3/9) (p=0,027) ve vas deferens iç çap dağılımları değerlendirilmesinde belirgin azalma gözlendi (p=0,009). Kesi grubunda vas deferens kas kalınlığı/dıĢ çap oranında belirginazalma tespit edildi (p=0,034). Model gruplarında seminifer tübül çap ve sağ testis hacim ortalamaları açısından istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilemezken kesi grubunda sağ ve sol testis hacimleri kendi arasında kıyaslandığında fark anlamlı olarak azalmıĢtı (p=0,008). Bu bulgulara göre operasyon esnasında korda uygulanan gerilme ile lümen içerisinde sperm varlığı belirgin olarak etkilenmektedir. Kesi sonrası onarım yapılan vakalarda sperm varlığının devam ediyor olması hasarlanma sonrası onarımın önemini göstermektedir. Yapılacak ameliyatlarda vas deferensi korumak için olabildiğince dikkat etmek gerekmektedir. Spermatic cord is the most important inguinal structure to be protected from injury in inguino-scrotal region operations. It is known that surgical damage to the spermatic cord and its components also causes testicular damage and lead to infertility. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of different types of vas deferens injury on vas deferens, testis and epididymis in rats. Thirty four prepubertal male Sprague Dawley rats used in the study and were divided into 4 groups; digital compression, traction, incision and control groups. In digital compression group, the right vas deferens were released and the pressure was applied between the two fingers for 4 minutes with a warm wet sponge. In the traction group after the right vas deferens were released, traction was applied with a weight of 10 g for 4 minutes. In the control group no surgical model was applied, only vas deferens and testicular presence was observed. In the incision group, the right vas deferens were released and then a complete incision was made from the middle of the vas deferens without damaging the testicular artery and vein. The vas deferens was repaired in two directions with two sutures. Twenty eight days later, all animals were sacrificed. Cell changes that occurred in the right testis, epididymis and vas deferens were evaluated by macroscopic and microscopic. In traction group has least number of rats who have had sperm present in vas deferens (3/9) (p=0,027) and there was significiant decrease of inner diameter of vas deferens (p=0,009). In incision group, vas deferens muscle thickness per external diameter ratio showed significant decrease (p=0,034). There was no statistically significant difference in mean seminiferous tubule diameter and right testis volume within groups. When the right and left testis volumes were compared in the incision group, the difference was significantly decreased in the right testis (that the procedure applied) (p = 0.008). According to these findings, the presence of sperm in the vas deferens lumen is significantly affected by the traction applied to the cord during operation. The presence of sperm in case of the incision group shows the importance of post-injury repair. During inguinal surgeries care must be taken to protect vas deferens especially from traction.Item Hayvan modelinde topikal ve intrakütanöz butolinum toksini uygulamasının, dış kulak yolu epitel ve salgı bezleri üzerine etkisinin araştırılması(Başkent Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, 2017) Sökmen, Muhammed Furkan; Erkan, Alper NabiAmaç: Botulinum toksininin erişkin rat dış kulak yolu epiteli ve salgı bezleri üzerine olası histopatolojik etkilerini araştırmak. Bu çalışma ile botulinum toksininin, dış kulak yoluna etkisini görmek ve güvenilir olup olmadığı hakkında literatüre katkıda bulunmak hedeflenmiştir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu deneysel çalışma Başkent Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Deney Hayvanları Araştırma Laboratuvarında 48 adet rat üzerinde yapıldı. Ratlar uygulama şekillerine göre 2 ana gruba, her iki ana grup ise takip sürelerine göre üçer alt gruba ayrıldı. Tüm hayvanların sağ kulaklarının dış kulak yoluna botoks uygulandı. Sol kulaklara ise herhangi bir uygulama yapılmadı ve kontrol grubu olarak belirlendi. Grup I‘e topikal, grup II‘ye intrakütanöz enjeksiyon şeklinde botoks uygulandı. Grup Ia ve IIa 10. günde, grup Ib ve IIb 30. günde sakrifiye edildi. Grup Ic ve IIc ye ise 30. günde ikinci doz botoks uygulaması yapıldı ve ikinci uygulamanın 10. gününde de bu gruplar sakrifiye edildi. Uygulama ve takip süresi bitiminde ratlar dekapite edilerek dış kulak yolu diseke edildi ve patolojiye teslim edildi. Bulgular: Tüm gruplarda inflamasyona rastlandı, fakat gruplar arasında istatistiksel anlamlı farklılık gözlenmedi (p>0,05). Sekresyon miktarında tüm gruplarda değişiklik görülmedi. Kalsifikasyon ise sadece grup II'de görüldü. Kontrol grubu ve grup I'e göre istatistiksel anlamlı yüksek idi (p=0,0001). Tüm gruplarda apoptozis gözlendi. ApopTag skorları grup I ve II'de kontrol grubuna göre istatistiksel anlamlı yüksek bulundu. Grup I alt grupları ApopTag skorları kendi aralarında karşılaştırıldığında istatistiksel anlamlı farklılık görülmedi (p>0.05). Grup II alt grupları ApopTag skorları kendi aralarında karşılaştırıldığında ise; IIb'de IIa'ya göre sebase bez skoru (p=0,003), IIc'de IIa'ya göre epitel (p=0,021) ve sebase bez (p=0,01) skorları istatistiksel anlamlı yüksek bulundu. Sonuçlar: Bu çalışma botulinum toksininin ratların dış kulak yolu epiteli ve salgı bezlerinde inflamasyon, kalsifikasyon ve apoptozise yol açtığını, sekresyon miktarında ise değişikliğe neden olmadığını göstemiştir. Fakat uygulanan botulinum toksini dozunun artırılması, tekrarlayan dozlarda uygulanması ve uygulama sonrası geçen sürenin uzatılması daha olumlu sonuçlar verebilir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmanın ileri deneysel ve klinik çalışmalar ile desteklenmesi gerektiği düşünülmüştür. Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the use of botulinum toxin about the possible histopathological effects on the rat external ear path epithelium and secretory glands. It is targeted with this study, the effect of botulinum toxin on the external ear path and contribute literature about whether applied is reliable. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 48 rats, in Baskent University Faculty of Medicine Experimental Animal Research Laboratory. The rats were divided into 2 main groups according to the application forms. The two main groups were divided into three subgroups according to follow-up periods. Botox was applied to the right external auditory canal of all animals. No treatment was applied to the left ears and the control group was identified. Botox applied group I topically, group II Intracutaneous injection. Group Ia and IIa were sacrificed on day 10, and groups Ib and IIb were sacrificed on day 30. Group Ic and IIc received a second dose of botox on the 30th day and these groups were sacrificed on the 10th day of the second application. At the end of the application and follow-up period, the rats were decapitated and the external ear canal was disrupted and the pathology was delivered. Results: Inflammation was found in all groups, but no statistically significant difference was observed between the groups (p> 0,05). There was no change in the amount of secretion in all groups. Calcification was seen only in group II. It was statistically higher than control group and group I (p=0,0001). Apoptosis was observed in all groups. ApopTag scores were statistically higher in groups I and II compared to control group. There was no statistically significant difference between group I subgroup ApopTag scores (p>0.05). When the ApopTag scores of group II subgroups are compared among themselves; the sebaceous gland score (p=0,003) according to IIa in IIb, epithelium (p=0,021) and sebaceous gland (p=0,01) scores were statistically significant higher according to IIa in IIc. Conclusions: This study has shown that botulinum toxin causes inflammation, calcification and apoptosis in the external ear path epithelium and glandular secretions of rats and does not alter the amount of secretion. However, increasing the administered dose of botulinum toxin, application in repeated doses and prolonging post-administration period benefit may give more positive results. For this reason it is thought that this work should be supported by further experimental and clinical studies.Item Rat modelinde topikal rifamisin uygulamasının ototoksik ve orta kulak mukozası üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması deneysel çalışma(Başkent Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, 2016) Yılmaz, Serkan; Yılmaz, İsmailAmaç: Ama kronik otit modelinde topikal rifami inin (1) rat orta kulak mukoza ı üzerine ola ı hi topatolojik etkilerini araştırmak; (2) işitme üzerine ola ı olum uz etkilerini fonk iyonel yoldan araştırmaktır. Bu alışma ile kulağa damla yoluyla uygulanan rifami inin güvenilir olup olmadığı hakkında literatüre katkıda bulunmak hedeflenmiştir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu deney el alışma Başkent Üniver ite i ıp Fakülte i Deney Hayvanları Araştırma Laboratuvarında 30 adet rat üzerinde yapıldı. Ratlar tedavi ürelerine göre 3 guruba ayrıldı. Her iki timpanik membran perfore edildikten sonra ağ kulaklara rifami in günde 3x2 damla olarak uygulandı. Sol kulaklara i e herhangi bir tedavi verilmedi. Grup I’e 1 hafta, grup II’ye 2 hafta, grup III’e 3 hafta tedavi verildi. edavi önce i ve onra ında her iki kulağın di tor iyon ürünü otoaku tik emi yon (DPOAE) öl ümleri, sinyal gürültü oranı (SNR) öl üt alınarak yapıldı. edavi bitiminde ratlar dekapite edilerek orta kulak mukozaları di eke edildi ve patolojiye kör olarak te lim edildi. Bulgular: Tedavi verilen kulaklarda grup I’de 2 kHz’de perfora yon onra ına göre SNR’de anlamlı artış (p=0.022); kontrol kulaklarda grup I de 6 kHz’de anlamlı artış gözlendi (p=0.022). Perforasyon sonra ı ve tedavi onra ı SNR değerleri ağ ve ol kulaklar ara ında karşılaştırıldığında tüm frekan larda i tati tik el olarak anlamlı farklılık gözlenmedi (p >0.05). SNR değerleri gruplar ara ında karşılaştırıldığında tüm frekan larda tedavi önce i ve sonra ında anlamlı farklılık aptanmadı (p >0.017; Bonferroni düzeltmeli). Histopatolojik olarak rifami in verilen ağ kulaklar ile kontrol ol kulaklar ara ında inflama yon, fibrozi , yabancı ci im reak iyonu, va küler prolifera yon ve pigment i eren hi tio it a ı ından anlamlı farklılık aptanmadı (p>0,05). Ancak ağ kulakta gruplar ara ında pigment i eren hi tio itler grup I ve II’de anlamlı olarak yük ek bulundu (p=0.018). onuçlar: I) Bu alışma topikal rifami in uygulama ının ratlarda orta kulak mukoza ı üzerine inflama yon, fibrozi , yabancı ci im reak iyonu, va küler prolifera yon ve pigment i eren hi tio itler a ı ından kontrol kulaklar ile karşılaştırıldığında anlamlı bir etki inin olmadığını ortaya koymuştur. edavi verilen kulaklarda ilk iki hafta pigment i eren hi tio it ayı ında artış olduğu, ancak bu durumun ü üncü hafta düzeldiği gözlenmiştir. II) Topikal rifami in uygulama ının ratlarda, hi bir SNR değerinde anlamlı azalmaya neden olmadığı i in, ratlarda 2-6 kHz ara ı işitme üzerine ototok ik etki inin olmadığı onucuna varılmıştır. III) Bu bulgulara göre kronik otit modelinde topikal rifami in uygulama ının 3 hafta kullanımda bile hem orta kulak mukoza ı hem de ototok i ite yönünden güvenli olduğu onucuna varılmıştır. IV) Bu onu ların i kulak hi topatoloji inin ve yük ek frekan işitme eşiklerinin değerlendirildiği ileri deney el ve klinik alışmalar ile de teklenme i gerektiği düşünülmüştür. Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the use of topical rifamycin in chronic otitis media model about (1) the possible histopathological effects on the rat middle ear mucosa (2) the potential negative effects on hearing in functional way. It is targeted with this study to contribute literature about whether rifampicin applied as ear drops is reliable. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 30 rats, in Baskent University Faculty of Medicine Experimental Animal Research Laboratory. The rats were divided into 3 groups according to the duration of treatment. After perforation of the both tympanic membrane rifamycin 3x2 drops per day was applied to the right ear. While the left ear did not receive any treatment. Group I 1 week, group II 2 weeks, group III 3 weeks of treatment were given. Before and after treatment in both ears, the distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) measurements, is performed considering signal to noise ratio (SNR). After the treatment rats were decapitated and middle ear mucosa was dissected and was delivered blind to the pathology. Results: In the treated ears in group I at 2 kHz significant increase in SNR (p = 0.022) was observed relative to upon perforation of the ear; In the control ear in group I showed a significant increase in 6 kHz. After perforation and post-treatment SNR values compared to between right and left ears at all frequencies statistically no significant difference was observed (p> 0.05). SNR values compared between groups all frequencies before and after treatment showed no significant difference (p >0.017; Bonferroni correction). Histopathologically between rifampicin administered right ears and control left ears no significant differences were found in terms of; inflammation, fibrosis, foreign body reaction, vascular proliferation and pigment containing histiocytes (p> 0.05). However, in the right ear between groups, pigment containing histiocytes were significantly higher in the group I and II (p = 0.018). Conclusions: I) This study showed that topical rifampicin application in rats have no significant effect on middle ear mucosa in terms of inflammation, fibrosis, foreign body reactions, vascular proliferation and pigment containing histiocytes, compared to control ears. In treatment given ear increase in the number of histiocytes containing pigments in the first two weeks has been observed, but in the third week this situation improves. II) Whereas topical application of rifamycin in rats, caused no is significantly lower SNR value, it was concluded that between 2-6 kHz no ototoxic effects on hearing exists. III) based on these findings, it was concluded to be in chronic otitis model application of topical rifamycin even for 3 weeks is safe for the ototoxicity and middle ear mucosa. IV) It is thought that these results should be supported by forward experimental and clinical studies evaluating the inner ear histopathology and high frequency hearing thresholds.