Browsing by Author "Dirim, Ayhan"

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Adrenal Myelolipoma: A Case Presentation
(2018) Kervancioglu, Enis; Hasirci, Eray; Dirim, Ayhan; Aygun, Yuksel Cem; 0000-0002-6232-4313; 0000-0002-4147-2966; 0000-0003-3465-9092; AAM-3015-2021; AAI-7997-2021; AAM-4475-2021
Adrenal myelolipomas are non-functional benign tumors of hematopoietic and mature adipose tissue. Adrenal myelolipomas, which are generally detected in post-mortem examinations, have become more detectable thanks to evolution and frequent use of imaging techniques. This presentation elaborates on a case of 35-year old male patient presenting with no complaint but diagnosed with adrenal myelolipoma in histopathological examination following surrenalectomy operation for an adrenal mass incidentally detected on ultrasonography and computed tomography work-up.
Association between focal adhesion kinase and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in prostate adenocarcinoma and their influence on the progression of prostatic adenocarcinoma
(2020) Atilgan, Alev Ok; Ozdemir, B. Handan; Akcay, Eda Yilmaz; Tepeoglu, Merih; Borcek, Pelin; Dirim, Ayhan; 0000-0002-7528-3557; 0000-0001-8595-8880; 0000-0002-9894-8005; 0000-0001-6831-9585; 0000-0003-2898-485X; 32106037; X-8540-2019; AAK-3333-2021; AAK-5222-2021; AAK-1960-2021; AAJ-5689-2021
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a member of the non-receptor cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase family, is associated with the development and progression of cancer. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is directly involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix, and basement membrane components promote cancer cell migration and invasion. There is a functional interaction among FAK, MMP-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which leads to enhanced cancer angiogenesis, cancer cell invasion and progression of malignancy. FAK, MMP-9, VEGF and CD34-positive microvessel density (MVD) were examined in 100 patients with prostate adenocarcinoma using immunohistochemistry. The relationship among these proteins and their impact on angiogenesis and clinicopathological parameters were also evaluated. The FAK expression was found to be positively correlated with the Gleason score, WHO grade group, tumour stage, extracapsular extension and perineural invasion. The MMP-9 expression was positively correlated with the WHO grade group, tumour stage, extracapsular extension, positive surgical margin and lymphovascular and perineural invasion. The FAK expression was also positively correlated with MMP-9 expression and MVD. However, no correlation between FAK and VEGF expression was identified. The MMP-9 expression was positively correlated with FAK expression and MVD. Strong MMP-9 expression was associated with shorter disease-free survival. These results suggest that strong MMP-9 and FAK expressions play an essential role in the progression of prostate adenocarcinoma. Further investigations should be conducted to determine the importance of these proteins as therapeutic targets for patients with prostate adenocarcinomas.
Can We Predict the Surgical Margin Positivity in Patients Treated with Radical Prostatectomy? A Multicenter Cohort of Turkish Association of Uro-Oncology
(2015) Dirim, Ayhan
Objective To analyze the parameters that predict the surgical margin positivity after radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. Materials and Methods In this multicenter study, the data of 1607 consecutive patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer in 12 different clinics in Turkey between 1993-2011 were assessed. Patients who had neoadjuvant treatment were excluded. We assessed the relationship between potential predictive factors and surgical margin status after radical prostatectomy such as age, cancer characteristics, history of transurethral prostate resection, surgical experience and nerve-sparing technique by using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses and t test. Results The overall surgical margin positivity rate was 22.6% (359 patients). In univariate analyses, preoperative prostate specific antigen level, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason score, percentage of tumor involvement per biopsy specimen, transurethral prostate resection history, surgical experience and nerve-sparing technique were significantly associated with positive surgical margin rate. In multivariate analyses, preoperative prostate specific antigen level (OR: 1.03, p=0.06), percentage of tumor involvement per biopsy specimen (OR: 7,14, p<0,001), surgical experience (OR: 2.35, p=0.011) and unilateral nerve-sparing technique (OR: 1.81, p=0.018) were independent predictive factors for surgical margin positivity. Conclusion Preoperative prostate specific antigen level, percentage of tumor involvement per biopsy specimen, surgical experience and nerve-sparing technique are the most important predictive factors of surgical margin positivity in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer.
Clinical Use of Tumor Markers for the Detection and Prognosis of Bladder Carcinoma: A Comparison of CD44, Cytokeratin 20 and Survivin
(2016) Yikilmaz, Taha Numan; Dirim, Ayhan; Ayva, Ebru Sebnem; Ozdemir, Handan; Ozkardes, Hakan; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2898-485X; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2280-8778; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7528-3557; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7277-449X; 27351322; AAJ-5689-2021; AAK-1967-2021; X-8540-2019; AAH-1052-2020
Purpose: To investigate the role of CD44, cytokeratin 20 (CK20) and survivin for the detection and prognosis of patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Materials and Methods: The study included 82 patients who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumors between 2009 and 2014. The patient and tumor characteristics with relevance to age, tumor size and focality, grade and stage, recurrence and progression were noted. Patients with carcinoma in situ, those who had at more than 3 sites of lesions and greater than 3 cm tumors were excluded. All cases were ex-smokers. All histological samples stained with hematoxylin and eosin were re-evaluated according to the 2004 World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology (WHO/ISUP) classification system and immunohistochemically stained for CD44, CK20 and survivin. Results: The study group comprised 57 (69.5%) males and 25 (30.5%) females with a mean age of 60 years (range, 26-87 years). All were newly-diagnosed patients with bladder tumors. Immunohistochemical evaluation revealed that there was a statistically significant correlation between the grade and stage of the tumor with CK20 and survivin positivity (P < .05). As the grade and stage increased CD44 immunoreactivity significantly decreased (P = .002, P = .0001, respectively). However, relationship of protein expressions with recurrence and progression remained insignificant (P > .05). Conclusion: In cases of bladder urothelial carcinoma positivity for CD44, CK20, and survivin has significant relation with the tumor grade and stage while no significant relationship was determined in terms of recurrence and progression
Complete resection in old age bladder cancers filling bladder cavity
(2018) Dirim, Ayhan
Radical cystectomy is often the treatment of choice in widespread bladder tumors that may not be possible to be resected. However, it is extremely important to perform a complete resection prior to surgery, to perform healthy staging, to remove complaints related to the tumor, and to offer alternative treatment options for patients who do not accept surgery or who are at risk for surgery. In this study, the results of complete resection of two old age patients with bladder cancer tumors filling all the bladder cavity were reported.
Distribution and number of Cajal-like cells in testis tissue with azoospermia
(2017) Hasirci, Eray; Turunc, Tahsin; Bal, Nebil; Goren, Mehmet Resit; Celik, Huseyin; Kervancioglu, Enis; Dirim, Ayhan; Tekindal, Mustafa Agah; Ozkardes, Hakan; 0000-0002-7936-2172; 0000-0003-2898-485X; 0000-0002-2001-1386; 0000-0002-7277-449X; 0000-0002-4060-7048; 0000-0002-4147-2966; 0000-0003-3465-9092; 28359405; ABD-4332-2020; AAJ-5689-2021; Y-6143-2019; AAH-1052-2020; U-9270-2018; AAI-7997-2021; AAA-3033-2021; AAM-4475-2021
We investigated the number and distribution of Cajal-like cells in patients with azoospermia. A total of 99 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia were divided into subgroups [19 patientsin hypospermatogenesis group (S1), 40 patients in maturation arrest group (S2), 20 patients in a Sertoli cell-only syndrome (S3), and 20 patients in a testicular atrophy and fibrosis group (S4)], and 20 patients with obstructive azoospermia group (SO). Sections stained with a c-kit antibody were studied by light microscopy to determine the number and distribution of Cajal-like cells in peritubular and perivascular areas of testis. The number of Cajal-like cells were higher in all the non-obstructive groups than in the obstructive group (S0: 2.43 cells/mm(2), S1: 3.14 cells/mm(2), S2: 4.00 cells/mm(2), S3: 4.57 cells/mm(2), S4: 3.86 cells/mm(2)) but statistically significantly different (p < 0.05) in the S2 and S3 subgroups only. Distribution of Cajal-like cells were similar in all groups. The number and distribution of Cajal-like cells in non obstructive groups suggest that these cells may affect spermatogenesis. This cellular type can be responsible for the regulation of cellular motility or spermatogenesis. Electrophysiological and electron microscopic studies are needed to better define morphology and function of Cajal-like cells in the testis, especially totally the normal testis tissue. Copyright (C) 2017, Kaohsiung Medical University. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC.
Endovascular Management of Surgically Uncontrolled Hemorrhage Following Post-Radical Nephrectomy: A Case Report
(2018) Dirim, Ayhan; Ozyer, Umut; 0000-0002-4300-009X; AAK-9071-2021
We present an isolated right lumbar arterial hemorrhage following right radical nephrectomy. Surgical re-exploration was unsuccessful therefore active bleeding was diagnosed and treated with endovascular approach.
An Independent Validation of 2010 Tumor-Node-Metastasis Classification for Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Multi-center Study by the Urooncology Association of Turkey Renal Cancer-Study Group
(2017) Dirim, Ayhan; Ozkan, Tayyar Alp; Eskicorapci, Sadettin; Yaycioglu, Ozgur; Akdogan, Bulent; Gogus, Cagatay; Can, Cavit; Yildirim, Asif; Ozen, Haluk; Tukeri, Levent
Objective: The American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification has been updated by the 7th edition in 2010. The objective of the study was to evaluate cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and assess the concordance of 2002 and novel 2010 TNM primary tumor classifications. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of RCC registries from 25 institutions of the Urooncology Association of Turkey Renal CancerStudy Group was performed. Patients with RCC had a radical or partial nephrectomy. The database consisted of 1889 patients. Results: Median follow-up time was 25 months (interquartile range: 11.2-47.8). The 5-year CSS rate for pT1a, pT1b, pT2a, pT2b, pT3a and pT4 tumors were 97% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93-0.99], 94% (95% CI: 0.91-0.97), 88% (95% CI: 0.81-0.93), 77% (95% CI: 0.64-0.86) 74% (95% CI: 0.65-0.81) and 66% (95% CI: 0.51-0.77), respectively according to the 2010 TNM classification (p<0.001). CSS comparisons between pT1a-pT1b (p=0.022), pT1b-pT2a (p=0.030), pT3a-pT3b (p<0.001) and pT3b-pT4 (p=0.020) were statistically significant. Conversely, pT2a-pT2b (p=0.070) and pT2b-pT3a (p=0.314) were not statistically significant. Multivariable analyses revealed the pT stage in the 2010 TNM classification as an independent prognostic factor for CSS (p for trend=0.002). C-indexes for 2002 and 2010 TNM classifications were 0.8683 and 0.8706, respectively. Conclusion: Subdividing pT2 does not have a CSS advantage. Moving adrenal involvement to pT4 yielded a more accurate prognosis prediction. T stage and LNI are independent prognostic factors for CSS in RCC. Overall, the novel 2010 TNM classification is slightly improved over the former one. However, shown by C-index values, this improvement is not sufficient to state that 2010 TNM outperforms the 2002 TNM.
A Rare Case of the Urinary Bladder: Small Cell Carcinoma
(2018) Kervancioglu, Enis; Dirim, Ayhan; Akcay, Eda Yilmaz
Small cell carcinoma generally originates from the lungs. However, rarely, it could be observed in organs other than the lungs. Primary small cell carcinoma of the bladder is a rare and aggressive disease and it generally presents itself with metastasis. Although there has not been a consensus on the method of treatment for this rare disease, multimodal treatment is recommended. In this study, we present long-term results of transurethral resection in a patient with non-muscle-invasive primary small cell carcinoma who refused additional treatments.
Serum prostat spesifik antijen yüksekliği nedeniyle ampirik antibiyotik tedavisi verilen ve verilmeyen hastalardaki prostat biyopsi sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi
(Başkent Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, 2017) Duran, Mesut Berkan; Dirim, Ayhan
Amaç: Antibiyotik kullanılıp kullanılmamasının total prostat spesifik antijen (PSA) düzeyi ve serbest/total (s/t) PSA oranına etkisi ve bu değişimlerin prostat biyopsi sonuçlarına olan yansımalarının değerlendirilmesi. Materyal ve Metod: Kliniğimizde 2004 ile 2016 yılları arasında yaşa göre PSA değeri normalden yüksek olan ve prostat biyopsisi yapılan 1,062 hasta retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi. Rektal muayenede bulgusu olan veya 5-alfa redüktaz inhibitörü kullanan hastalar çalışma dışında tutuldu. Bu olgulardan, kontrol PSA değerleri olan veya PSA düzeyleri 4 ile 10 ng/mL arasında olduğu için antibiyotik tedavisi öncesinde ve sonrasında s/t PSA oranı elde edilmiş bulunan toplam 303 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. Toplam 214 hastaya ortanca 4 hafta (2-8 hafta) süren antibiyotik tedavisi sonrasında, kalan 89 olguya antibiyotik verilmeksizin ortalama 1 ay sonraki kontrol PSA düzeylerindeki yükseklik nedeniyle biyopsi yapılmıştı. Her iki grupta da PSA ve s/tPSA oran değişimleri için %5 ve %10 sınır (cut off) değerler alınarak karşılaştırmalar yapıldı. Bulgular: Hastaların ortanca yaşı 63 yıl (45-86 yıl) idi. Antibiyotik verilen grupta (n= 214) her iki sınır değer için (%5 ve %10) anlamlı PSA düşüşü izlenmedi. Antibiyotik verilmeyen hastalarda (n= 89) ise her iki sınır değeri için kontrol PSA değerlerinde anlamlı artış saptandı (%5 sınır değer için p< 0.001, %10 sınır değer için p< 0.001). Antibiyotik alan ve almayan olgular birlikte değerlendirildiğinde (n= 303) PSA’daki azalma ve artışlar antibiyotik kullanılan grupta her iki sınır değer için de anlamlı olarak yüksek bulundu (%5 sınır değer için p< 0.001 ve p< 0.001; %10 sınır değer için p= 0.001 ve p= 0.001). Serbest/total PSA oran değişimleri açısından her iki sınır değer için antibiyotik verilip verilmemesinin anlamlı bir fark oluşturmadığı izlendi. Antibiyotik verilsin veya verilmesin total PSA değişimleri ile patoloji sonuçları arasında arasında anlamlı ilişki saptanmadı. Ancak antibiyotik verilen ve s/t PSA oranında değişim izlenen olgularda her iki sınır değer için patoloji sonuçları ile anlamlı ilişki gözlendi. Bu oranın azaldığı olgularda prostat kanseri, arttığı olgularda ise benign patolojiler daha yüksek oranda saptandı (%5 sınır değer için p değerleri sırasıyla p= 0.004 ve p= 0.014; %10 sınır değer için p değerleri sırasıyla p= 0.014 ve p= 0.026). Yine antibiyotik alan ve almayan olgular birlikte değerlendirildiğinde de oran değişimleri ile patoloji sonuçları arasında anlamlı farklılık saptanmadı. Sonuç: Rektal muayenesi normal, yaşa göre yüksek PSA değeri olan hastalarda önce antibiyotik verilerek ya da herhangi bir ilaç verilmeksizin makul bir süre sonra kontrol PSA değerine bakılarak prostat biyopsisine karar vermek sıklıkla başvurulan durumlardır. Biyopsi kararı verilmesinde s/t PSA oran değişimlerinin, özellikle antibiyotik kullanan olgularda total PSA'dan daha fazla yol gösterici olabileceği anlaşılmaktadır. Objectives: To evaluate the impact of antibiotic treatment on total prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and free/total (f/t) PSA ratio and the relevance of these changes to prostate biopsy results. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 1,062 patients with elevated ageadjusted serum PSA levels who underwent prostate biopsy between 2004 and 2016. Patients with abnormal digital rectal examination findings and/or treated with 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors were excluded. A total of 303 cases with followup PSA levels and f/t PSA ratio determinations because of total PSA values between 4 and 10 ng/mL before and after antibiotherapy were included into this study. There were 214 patients with persistent elevated serum PSA levels after a mean duration of 4-week (range; 2-8) antibiotic treatment followed by prostate biopsy (treatment group) and 89 patients who had prostate biopsy after a mean followup of 1 month without antibiotherapy (control group). The groups were compared with regard to both 5% and 10% cut off changes in serum PSA levels and f/t PSA ratios. Results: The mean age of patients were 63 years (range; 45-86). In the treatment group (n= 214), PSA level decrease remained insignificant at both cut off values. In the control group (n= 89), there was a significant rise in subsequent PSA levels at both cut off values (for 5% cut off value p< 0.001; for 10% cut off value p< 0.001). When the treatment and control groups were taken together (n= 303) changes at PSA levels, either rise or decrease, were significantly higher in the treatment group for both cut off values (for 5% cut off value p< 0.001, p< 0.001; for 10% cut off value p= 0.001, p= 0.001). Antibiotic treatment had insignificant impact on f/t PSA ratio changes at both cut off values. Again, antibiotic treatment had no impact on the relation between serum PSA levels and biopsy results at both cut off values. On the other hand, f/t PSA ratio changes at both cut off values with relevance to antibiotic treatment were found to be related with histopathologic results. While increase in f/t PSA ratio was more related with benign biopsies, decrease in f/t PSA ratio was more related with cancer (for 5% cut off value p= 0.004, p= 0.014; for 10% cut off value p= 0.014, p= 0.026). When both groups were taken together the impact of f/t PSA ratio changes on biopsy results remained insignificant. Conclusion: Obtaining a second PSA level after a followup period with or without empirical antibiotic use before biopsy appears to be a frequent clinical approach in patients with elevated age-specific PSA levels despite normal findings on digital rectal examination. Changes at f/t PSA ratio rather than total PSA only, particularly in antibiotic treated cases appear to be more useful in decision making for biopsy.
Surgical Treatment Options for High Risk Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
(2015) Hasirci, Eray; Dirim, Ayhan; Ozkardes, Hakan
Lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) are a complex symptoms that almost every man will somehow experience in some part of his life. Today, treatment of BPH can be successfully achieved in most of the cases. However, surgical therapies may become inevitable in a group of non-complient patients or in those who have failed medical therapy. The increasing incidence of systemic diseases with age may cause difficulty in decision making for surgey in high-risk patients. In this review, different treatment options such as bipolar resection, laser prostatectomy, microwave thermotherapy, ethanol ablation and radiofrequency ablation in addition to conventional transurethral resection of prostate are compared in high risk patients with BPH. Although treatment options appear to achieve comparable outcome, differences between methods are hidden in side the effects. Choosing the most appropriate method for a particular high-risk case should be based on surgeon's experience, possible side effects of the procedure and severity of comorbidities.
Synchronous and Metachronous Secondary Tumors of Bladder Cancer Patients
(2016) Dirim, Ayhan; Ozkardes, Hakan; Hasirci, Eray
The improvements in cancer treatment prolonged survival in patients. Despite this survival benefit, chemotherapies, radiotherapies or combination therapies, and continuing exposure to the same carcinogenic agents may lead to secondary cancers. Multiple primary neoplasm is described as multiple tumors in a single patient posing distinct individual malignant characteristics with definite exclusion of one tumor is the metastasis of the other. According to the time of onset, these are considered to be synchronous or metachronous tumors. While synchronous tumors often occur due to carcinogen exposure, metachronous tumors often develop after treatments such as radiotherapy. Although the cause and developmental mechanisms of multiple primary tumors are not clear, several factors including immune deficiency, genetic instability, increased use of systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy, increased survival, elderliness, and smoking have been implicated. The two developmental hypotheses in development of multiple primary tumors appear as field cancerization and common clonal origin. Multiple primary tumors often involve respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary systems. Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder may also rise as part of synchronous or metachronous multiple tumors. We still lack large scale studies relevant to the treatment of multiple primary cancers. Close follow-up in primary malignant tumor patients is of extreme importance for the risk of secondary cancers.