Wos İndeksli Açık & Kapalı Erişimli Yayınlar

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    The Risk Stratifications in Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: How Much Accurate are the Methods That We Use? A Multi-Directional View
    (2015) Kuzgunbay, Baris; Beyazit, Yildirim
    Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) have heterogeneous pattern inside, rapid recurrence might be seen in some of the patients while earlier progression might be seen in other patients. Recently, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) risk tables are the most commonly used as scoring systems in stratifying the risk group in NMIBC. The scoring system was developed based on tumor number and size, prior recurrence rate, T stage, concurrent CIS and tumor grade, thus the total score should be calculated individually for recurrence and progression. EAU guidelines also advices stratifying the patients into 3 risk groups according to the prognostic factors and data from the EORTC tables. In addition, the maintenance BCG therapy, secondary TUR operation, substaging in T1 tumors, pathological variants of uroepithelial carcinoma, lymphovascular invasion and some molecular markers have been reported to significantly affect the prognosis of NMIBC in consecutive studies. Today, EORTC and other stratification remains valid, however, needs to be improved and validated under the guidance of the previous studies.
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    Synchronous and Metachronous Secondary Tumors of Bladder Cancer Patients
    (2016) Dirim, Ayhan; Ozkardes, Hakan; Hasirci, Eray
    The improvements in cancer treatment prolonged survival in patients. Despite this survival benefit, chemotherapies, radiotherapies or combination therapies, and continuing exposure to the same carcinogenic agents may lead to secondary cancers. Multiple primary neoplasm is described as multiple tumors in a single patient posing distinct individual malignant characteristics with definite exclusion of one tumor is the metastasis of the other. According to the time of onset, these are considered to be synchronous or metachronous tumors. While synchronous tumors often occur due to carcinogen exposure, metachronous tumors often develop after treatments such as radiotherapy. Although the cause and developmental mechanisms of multiple primary tumors are not clear, several factors including immune deficiency, genetic instability, increased use of systemic chemotherapy and radiotherapy, increased survival, elderliness, and smoking have been implicated. The two developmental hypotheses in development of multiple primary tumors appear as field cancerization and common clonal origin. Multiple primary tumors often involve respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary systems. Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder may also rise as part of synchronous or metachronous multiple tumors. We still lack large scale studies relevant to the treatment of multiple primary cancers. Close follow-up in primary malignant tumor patients is of extreme importance for the risk of secondary cancers.