Browsing by Author "Kocak, Orhan Murat"

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Functional Connectivity In Rumination: A Systematic Review Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies
(Başkent Üniversitesi, 2024-02-18) Misir, Emre; Alici, Yasemin Hosgoren; Kocak, Orhan Murat
IntroductionRumination, defined as intrusive and repetitive thoughts in response to negative emotions, uncertainty, and inconsistency between goal and current situation, is a significant risk factor for depressive disorders. The rumination literature presents diverse findings on functional connectivity and shows heterogeneity in research methods. This systematic review seeks to integrate these findings and provide readers diverse perspectives.MethodFor this purpose, the literature on functional connectivity in rumination was reviewed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Regional connectivity and network connectivity results were scrutinized according to the presence of depression, research methods, and type of rumination. After screening 492 articles, a total of 36 studies were included.ResultsThe results showed that increased connectivity of the default mode network (DMN) was consistently reported. Other important findings include alterations in the connectivity between the DMN and the frontoparietal network and the salience network (SN) and impaired regulatory function of the SN. Region-level connectivity studies consistently show that increased connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex and the prefrontal cortex is associated with rumination, which may cause the loss of control of the frontoparietal network over self-referential processes. We have seen that the number of studies examining brooding and reflective rumination as separate dimensions are relatively limited. Although there are overlaps between the connectivity patterns of the two types of rumination in these studies, it can be thought that reflective rumination is more associated with more increased functional connectivity of the prefrontal cortex.ConclusionsAlthough there are many consistent functional connectivity outcomes associated with trait rumination, less is known about connectivity changes during state rumination. Relatively few studies have taken into account the subjective aspect of this thinking style. In order to better explain the relationship between rumination and depression, rumination induction studies during episode and remission periods of depression are needed.
The İmportance of Mentalization, Coping Mechanisms, and Perceived Stress in The Prediction of Resilience of Healthcare Workers
(2023) Alici, Yasemin Hosgoren; Hasanli, Jamal; Saygili, Gorkem; Kocak, Orhan Murat; 36217606
Resilience is the process of overcoming stressors. Being able to examine the effect of the Covid epidemic on healthcare workers (HCWs) has provided us a unique opportunity to understand the impact of trauma on resilience. We aimed to investigate the relationship between stress, mentalization, and an individual's coping capacity against a real risk (Covid-19) and evaluate the predictors of resilience. 302 HCWs have enrolled in the study and completed an online questionnaire assessing demographics, perceived stress, resilience, coping, and mentalization. We utilized statistical analysis together with a Random Forest classifier to analyze the interaction between these factors extensively. We applied ten times ten-fold cross-validation and plotted Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) with the calculated Area Under the Curve(AUC) score and identify the most important features. Our experiments showed that the Perceived stress scale has the strongest relationship with resilience. The subject's awareness level of emotional states is an important factor that determines the level of resilience. Coping styles such as the decision of giving up is also a crucial indicator. We conclude that being aware of the risks and the mental states are the dominant factors behind the resilience levels of healthcare workers under pandemic conditions.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder From Embodied Cognition Perspective
(2022) Kocak, Orhan Murat; Kayipmaz, Selvi; Kutluturk Uney, Pelin; Haciyev, Ceyhun; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7984-2440; AAK-3227-2021
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is characterized by problems of control over behavior and cognition. Although almost all of the studies on pathogenesis of OCD point out fronto-striatal dysfunction, it is still not possible to reveal mechanisms to explain the entire clinical course of OCD through these circuits. A more holistic explanation can be given through the Embodied Cognition (EC) perspective, which suggests that the alteration/dysfunction of low-level sensory-motor process may appear as a multifarious extent of dysfunction of high-level cognitive processes. Fronto-striatal circuits play fundamental role in behavioral control. These circuits also have a central role for the feed-forward motor control (FFMC). In FFMC, the internal model of movement is driven by efference copies as templates for motor behavior, without being adjusted by sensory information. If impairment of low-level sensory-motor processing is crucial to occurrence of compulsions, one possible hypothesis about this impairment is the problem which emerges from occurrence of efference copy in FFMC. On the other hand, the efference copy has also pivotal role for subject's feeling of the agency of an action. Therefore, there may be role of failure in reproduction of the efference copy in the background of subjects' experience of losing control on compulsive behaviors. In this paper, we will discuss how the EC perspective which can be one of the biological bases of computationalism, which brings neuroscientific explanations on the functioning of nervous system to a more symbolic perspective, may contribute to our understanding of etiopathogenesis of OCD. In this perspective, our method will be to integrate the theoretical basis provided by EC perspective to the current models for OCD, rather than falsifying them.